In the realm of international law, an ‘enemy combatant’ is an individual or a group of people who are directly involved in hostilities or warfare against a designated country or their allies. This designation can apply to both uniformed military members of an enemy state, or to non-uniformed fighters, such as private militia, insurgent forces, or terrorist groups. Enemy combatants are considered legitimate targets for combat operations and are not entitled to the protections afforded to civilian non-combatants in a conflict under international law.
The Distinction between Enemy Combatants and War Crimes
It is important to differentiate between enemy combatants and war criminals. While both groups are legitimate military targets, war criminals, such as those accused of genocide and other heinous crimes, are subject to prosecution in a criminal court. On the other hand, enemy combatants are afforded certain protections under the Geneva Conventions, unless they are designated as “unlawful enemy combatants”.
Unlawful Enemy Combatants
The term ‘unlawful enemy combatant’ is a relatively new legal concept, stemming from the War on Terror following the 9/11 attacks in the United States. Unlawful enemy combatants are generally designated by a military tribunal or other military authority as individuals who are deemed to have taken a hostile act against a country or its allies. As such, they are not afforded the protections under the Geneva Conventions that a lawful enemy combatant is and may be subject to detention, interrogation, or other forms of military justice.
Modern Examples of Enemy Combatants
One of the most prominent examples of an enemy combatant in modern times is the Islamic State, or ISIS, terrorist group. While this organization is not an official state, its members are generally engaged in warfare against the governments and forces of western nations such as the United States, and thereby qualifies as an enemy combatant according to international law. As such, this organization is considered a legitimate target for military operations and for other retaliatory measures.