A frisk is a type of legal search, one that is lesser known than a more familiar search warrant, but used by police officers for a variety of situations. The legal definition of a frisk refers to a search of a person that is less intrusive than a full search; typically limited to a search of the outer clothing for weapons and other contraband.
The concept of a frisk started in Terry v. Ohio. This landmark Supreme Court case involved the issue of the constitutionality of a frisk and set important precedents for when and how police officers can legally search someone without a warrant. In the decision, the court found that if a police officer has reasonable suspicion that a person may be armed and dangerous, the officer can perform a limited search of the person’s outer clothing for weapons or contraband.
The U.S. Supreme Court has stated that the purpose of a frisk is to protect the officer from any weapons a suspect may be concealing. To avoid potential Fourth Amendment violations, officers must articulate the facts that led to the search and must limit the search to what is necessary to locate any hidden weapons. Depending on the situation, officers can also check for possible contraband that the suspect may be hiding.
To be sure, a frisk is an extremely limited type of legal search, and should not be confused with something like an arrest warrant. Unlike arrest warrants, a frisk does not require probable cause or specific facts; rather, it only requires reasonableness. As such, it is used in a variety of situations from temporary stops where an officer feels that a certain individual may be armed and dangerous, to more permanent detentions of people in public parks or other public places.
The key takeaway is that a frisk is a less intrusive type of legal search, meant to help protect officers from dangerous situations and to provide safety for the citizens they interact with. The legal standard for its use is reasonable suspicion, and it must be performed in a manner that is limited in scope and tailored to the specific facts of the situation.