Double jeopardy is a long-standing legal concept and a critical component of the U.S. legal system. It prohibits a person from being tried or punished twice for the same criminal offense. As the famous Latin phrase “ne bis in idem” outlines, no one should suffer twice for the same crime.
The Constitutional Origins of Double Jeopardy Protection
The double jeopardy clause is found in the Fifth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. This clause is designed to protect individuals from potential abuse, oppression, and unfairness from the government. The amendment’s language simply states: “No person shall… be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb.”
When and How Does Double Jeopardy Occur?
Double jeopardy will arise during a trial if the court dismisses the case before a ruling is made, a mistrial is declared, the jury hangs, or the defendant is found not guilty. In these cases, double jeopardy has “attached.” This means the defendant cannot be tried or punished twice for the same incident. If double jeopardy has not “attached”, a defendant can face separate proceedings and trials in certain circumstances. The key consideration is when the initial and subsequent proceedings are for different offenses that arise out of the same incident (i.e., an initial plea of one criminal offense and a subsequent plea of a separate criminal offense). For example, a person might face a burglary charge and then a weapons possession charge in a separate trial.
Are There Exceptions to Double Jeopardy?
Double jeopardy rules generally apply on a state level as they are subject to different state laws. Currently, the only exceptions to double jeopardy are for treason and contempt of court. Additionally, in some cases, double jeopardy may be waived under certain circumstances (i.e., a defendant can face separate trials for the same criminal offense if a plea bargain agreement with the government is reached or a mistrial is declared due to manifest necessity).
The Benefits of Double Jeopardy
Double jeopardy and its protection under the Fifth Amendment is an invaluable and fundamental component of the U.S. legal system. By prohibiting the government from trying and punishing citizens twice for the same crime, the concept of double jeopardy serves as a strong safeguard against miscarriages of justice. Despite the available exceptions, double jeopardy continues to offer individuals a layer of protection from potential legal abuses from the government.